diff --git a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/gaseous.rs b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/gaseous.rs
index d4ad38b..0cdafe6 100644
--- a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/gaseous.rs
+++ b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/gaseous.rs
@@ -28,42 +28,89 @@ use core::f64::consts::E;
 /// The coefficients are the ones tabulated in table 1 of ITU-R P.676-12. The
 /// first field is the line frequency in gigahertz and the rest are the
 /// dimensionless coefficients of the line.
+///
+/// 一条氧吸收谱线。
+///
+/// 各系数即 ITU-R P.676-12 表 1 所列。第一个字段是线频率，以吉赫兹计；
+/// 其余为谱线的无量纲系数。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct OxygenLine {
     /// The line frequency, in gigahertz.
+    ///
+    /// 线频率，以吉赫兹计。
+    ///
+    /// 线频率，以吉赫兹计。
     f0: f64,
     /// Line strength coefficient.
+    ///
+    /// 谱线强度系数。
+    ///
+    /// 谱线强度系数。
     a1: f64,
     /// Temperature dependence of the line strength.
+    ///
+    /// 谱线强度的温度依赖。
+    ///
+    /// 谱线强度的温度依赖。
     a2: f64,
     /// Line width coefficient.
+    ///
+    /// 谱线宽度系数。
+    ///
+    /// 谱线宽度系数。
     a3: f64,
     /// Pressure dependence of the line width.
+    ///
+    /// 谱线宽度的气压依赖。
+    ///
+    /// 谱线宽度的气压依赖。
     a4: f64,
     /// Pressure shift coefficient.
+    ///
+    /// 气压频移系数。
     a5: f64,
     /// Mixing ratio dependence of the pressure shift.
+    ///
+    /// 气压频移的混合比依赖。
     a6: f64,
 }
 
 /// One water vapour absorption line.
 ///
 /// The coefficients are the ones tabulated in table 2 of ITU-R P.676-12.
+///
+/// 一条水汽吸收谱线。
+///
+/// 各系数即 ITU-R P.676-12 表 2 所列。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct WaterLine {
     /// The line frequency, in gigahertz.
+    ///
+    /// 线频率，以吉赫兹计。
     f0: f64,
     /// Line strength coefficient.
+    ///
+    /// 谱线强度系数。
     b1: f64,
     /// Temperature dependence of the line strength.
+    ///
+    /// 谱线强度的温度依赖。
     b2: f64,
     /// Line width coefficient.
+    ///
+    /// 谱线宽度系数。
     b3: f64,
     /// Pressure dependence of the line width.
+    ///
+    /// 谱线宽度的气压依赖。
     b4: f64,
     /// Water vapour dependence of the line width.
+    ///
+    /// 谱线宽度的水汽依赖。
     b5: f64,
     /// Temperature dependence of the water vapour term.
+    ///
+    /// 水汽项的温度依赖。
     b6: f64,
 }
 
@@ -72,6 +119,11 @@ struct WaterLine {
 /// The first thirty seven entries are the fine structure of the 60 GHz
 /// complex, followed by the isolated line at 118.75 GHz and six lines in the
 /// submillimetre region.
+///
+/// ITU-R P.676-12 表 1 的氧吸收谱线。
+///
+/// 前三十七项是 60 GHz 复合体的精细结构，其后是 118.75 GHz 处的孤立线
+/// 以及亚毫米波段的六条线。
 const OXYGEN_LINES: &[OxygenLine] = &[
     OxygenLine {
         f0: 50.474_214,
@@ -472,6 +524,8 @@ const OXYGEN_LINES: &[OxygenLine] = &[
 ];
 
 /// The water vapour absorption lines of table 2 of ITU-R P.676-12.
+///
+/// ITU-R P.676-12 表 2 的水汽吸收谱线。
 const WATER_LINES: &[WaterLine] = &[
     WaterLine {
         f0: 22.235_080,
@@ -795,13 +849,24 @@ const WATER_LINES: &[WaterLine] = &[
 /// The pressure is the dry air pressure, as the recommendation specifies. The
 /// water vapour density is separate because the partial pressure of water
 /// vapour is derived from it.
+///
+/// 气体衰减所依赖的大气状态。
+///
+/// 气压是干空气气压，如建议书所规定。水汽密度单列，因为水汽分压由它
+/// 导出。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Atmosphere {
     /// The dry air pressure, in hectopascals.
+    ///
+    /// 干空气气压，以百帕计。
     pub pressure_hpa: f64,
     /// The water vapour density, in grams per cubic meter.
+    ///
+    /// 水汽密度，以克每立方米计。
     pub water_vapour_density: f64,
     /// The temperature, in kelvin.
+    ///
+    /// 温度，以开尔文计。
     pub temperature_k: f64,
 }
 
@@ -811,6 +876,11 @@ impl Atmosphere {
     /// The values are the ones the recommendation uses for its reference
     /// curves: a dry air pressure of 1013.25 hPa, a water vapour density of
     /// 7.5 g/m^3, and a temperature of 288.15 K.
+    ///
+    /// 平均海平面处的 ITU-R 参考大气。
+    ///
+    /// 各值即该建议书用于其参考曲线者：干空气气压 1013.25 hPa，水汽
+    /// 密度 7.5 g/m^3，温度 288.15 K。
     pub const REFERENCE: Self = Self {
         pressure_hpa: 1_013.25,
         water_vapour_density: 7.5,
@@ -818,6 +888,8 @@ impl Atmosphere {
     };
 
     /// Creates an atmosphere from its three parameters.
+    ///
+    /// 由其三个参数创建大气。
     pub const fn new(pressure_hpa: f64, water_vapour_density: f64, temperature_k: f64) -> Self {
         Self {
             pressure_hpa,
@@ -830,11 +902,18 @@ impl Atmosphere {
     ///
     /// The relation is `e = rho T / 216.7`, which follows from the ideal gas
     /// law with the molar masses of water and dry air.
+    ///
+    /// 返回水汽分压，以百帕计。
+    ///
+    /// 关系为 `e = rho T / 216.7`，它由理想气体定律连同水与干空气的摩尔
+    /// 质量得出。
     pub fn water_vapour_partial_pressure(self) -> f64 {
         self.water_vapour_density * self.temperature_k / 216.7
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` when the state describes a physical atmosphere.
+    ///
+    /// 当该状态描述一个物理大气时返回 `true`。
     pub fn is_valid(self) -> bool {
         self.pressure_hpa.is_finite()
             && self.pressure_hpa > 0.0
@@ -869,11 +948,13 @@ pub fn specific_attenuation_dry_air(frequency_ghz: f64, atmosphere: Atmosphere)
     let mut sum = 0.0;
     for line in OXYGEN_LINES {
         // Equations 5 and 6: the line width and the pressure shift.
+        // 式 5 与式 6：谱线宽度与气压频移。
         let width = line.a3 * 1.0e-4 * (p * theta.powf(0.8 - line.a4) + 1.1 * e * theta);
         let width = (width * width + 2.25e-6).sqrt();
         let shift = (line.a5 + line.a6 * theta) * 1.0e-4 * (p + e) * theta.powf(0.8);
 
         // Equation 4: the line shape factor.
+        // 式 4：线型因子。
         let shape = frequency_ghz / line.f0
             * ((width - shift * (line.f0 - frequency_ghz))
                 / ((line.f0 - frequency_ghz).powi(2) + width * width)
@@ -881,11 +962,13 @@ pub fn specific_attenuation_dry_air(frequency_ghz: f64, atmosphere: Atmosphere)
                     / ((line.f0 + frequency_ghz).powi(2) + width * width));
 
         // Equation 3: the line strength.
+        // 式 3：谱线强度。
         let strength = line.a1 * 1.0e-7 * p * theta.powi(3) * E.powf(line.a2 * (1.0 - theta));
         sum += strength * shape;
     }
 
     // The non-resonant Debye spectrum, equation 8.
+    // 非共振 Debye 谱，式 8。
     let d = 5.6e-4 * (p + e) * theta.powf(0.8);
     let debye = frequency_ghz
         * p
@@ -924,6 +1007,7 @@ pub fn specific_attenuation_water_vapour(
     for line in WATER_LINES {
         // Equation 7: the line width, which has a different form from the
         // oxygen case.
+        // 式 7：谱线宽度，其形式与氧的情形不同。
         let width =
             line.b3 * 1.0e-4 * (p * theta.powf(line.b4) + line.b5 * e * theta.powf(line.b6));
         let width = 0.535 * width
@@ -934,6 +1018,7 @@ pub fn specific_attenuation_water_vapour(
                 + width / ((line.f0 + frequency_ghz).powi(2) + width * width));
 
         // Equation 3 for the water vapour lines.
+        // 对水汽谱线的式 3。
         let strength = line.b1 * 1.0e-1 * e * theta.powf(3.5) * E.powf(line.b2 * (1.0 - theta));
         sum += strength * shape;
     }
diff --git a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/gaseous_path.rs b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/gaseous_path.rs
index 22288e7..0bc676f 100644
--- a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/gaseous_path.rs
+++ b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/gaseous_path.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ use crate::gaseous::{Atmosphere, specific_attenuation_dry_air, specific_attenuat
 /// The coefficients of the dry air equivalent height, table 3 of P.676-12.
 ///
 /// Each entry is the coefficient and the line frequency in gigahertz.
+///
+/// 干空气等效高度的系数，P.676-12 表 3。
+///
+/// 每项是系数与线频率，后者以吉赫兹计。
 const DRY_HEIGHT_TERMS: &[(f64, f64)] = &[
     (0.159_7, 118.750_334),
     (0.106_6, 368.498_246),
@@ -34,6 +38,10 @@ const DRY_HEIGHT_TERMS: &[(f64, f64)] = &[
 ///
 /// Each entry is the line frequency in gigahertz, a coefficient, and a
 /// width-like parameter.
+///
+/// 水汽等效高度的系数，P.676-12 表 4。
+///
+/// 每项是线频率（以吉赫兹计）、一个系数，以及一个类宽度参数。
 const WET_HEIGHT_TERMS: &[(f64, f64, f64)] = &[
     (22.235_08, 1.52, 2.56),
     (183.310_087, 7.62, 10.2),
@@ -52,11 +60,17 @@ const WET_HEIGHT_TERMS: &[(f64, f64, f64)] = &[
 ];
 
 /// The equivalent height of dry air and of water vapour, in kilometers.
+///
+/// 干空气与水汽的等效高度，单位为千米。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct EquivalentHeights {
     /// The equivalent height of dry air, in kilometers.
+    ///
+    /// 干空气的等效高度，单位为千米。
     pub dry_km: f64,
     /// The equivalent height of water vapour, in kilometers.
+    ///
+    /// 水汽的等效高度，单位为千米。
     pub wet_km: f64,
 }
 
@@ -86,10 +100,12 @@ pub fn equivalent_heights(frequency_ghz: f64, atmosphere: Atmosphere) -> Option<
     let rp = (atmosphere.pressure_hpa + e) / 1_013.25;
 
     // Equation 31, the resonance term centred just below 60 GHz.
+    // 式 31，中心略低于 60 GHz 的共振项。
     let term1 = 5.104_0 / (1.0 + 0.066 * rp.powf(-2.3))
         * (-((frequency_ghz - 59.7) / (2.87 + 12.4 * (-7.9 * rp).exp())).powi(2)).exp();
 
     // Equation 32, the residual contribution of the submillimetre lines.
+    // 式 32，亚毫米波各线的残余贡献。
     let term2: f64 = DRY_HEIGHT_TERMS
         .iter()
         .map(|&(coefficient, line_frequency)| {
@@ -99,6 +115,7 @@ pub fn equivalent_heights(frequency_ghz: f64, atmosphere: Atmosphere) -> Option<
         .sum();
 
     // Equation 33, the far wing correction.
+    // 式 33，远翼修正。
     let term3 = 0.011_4 * frequency_ghz / (1.0 + 0.14 * rp.powf(-2.6))
         * (15.02 * frequency_ghz.powi(2) - 1_353.0 * frequency_ghz + 5.333e4)
         / (frequency_ghz.powi(3) - 151.3 * frequency_ghz.powi(2) + 9_629.0 * frequency_ghz
@@ -108,6 +125,7 @@ pub fn equivalent_heights(frequency_ghz: f64, atmosphere: Atmosphere) -> Option<
 
     // Equation 30, with the pressure dependent cap that applies below
     // 70 GHz.
+    // 式 30，含适用于 70 GHz 以下、依赖气压的上限。
     let dry = 6.1 * a / (1.0 + 0.17 * rp.powf(-1.1)) * (1.0 + term1 + term2 + term3);
     let dry = if frequency_ghz < 70.0 {
         dry.min(10.7 * rp.powf(0.3))
@@ -116,6 +134,7 @@ pub fn equivalent_heights(frequency_ghz: f64, atmosphere: Atmosphere) -> Option<
     };
 
     // Equations 36 through 38 and 35b.
+    // 式 36 至式 38 以及式 35b。
     let a_wet = 1.929_8 - 0.041_66 * (temperature - 273.15) + 0.051_7 * rho;
     let b_wet = 1.167_4 - 0.006_22 * (temperature - 273.15) + 0.006_3 * rho;
     let sigma = 1.013 / (1.0 + (-8.6 * (rp - 0.57)).exp());
@@ -166,6 +185,15 @@ pub fn zenith_attenuation(frequency_ghz: f64, atmosphere: Atmosphere) -> Option<
 ///
 /// Returns `None` when the frequency or atmosphere is not usable, or when
 /// the elevation is at or below the horizon.
+///
+/// 返回某仰角下沿斜路径的衰减，单位为分贝。
+///
+/// 天顶衰减除以仰角的正弦。其使用的平面平行近似即建议书用于近似方法
+/// 者；在约五度仰角以上是准确的。
+///
+/// 仰角以弧度计。
+///
+/// 频率或大气不可用，或仰角在地平及其以下时返回 `None`。
 pub fn slant_path_attenuation(
     frequency_ghz: f64,
     elevation: f64,
@@ -184,6 +212,12 @@ pub fn slant_path_attenuation(
 /// boundaries. The layers between them are thin near the surface and grow
 /// with height, so the integration resolves the dense lower atmosphere where
 /// the absorption is concentrated.
+///
+/// 精确斜路径积分所用的层界数。
+///
+/// 建议书 P.676 以 `delta_i = 1e-4 exp(i / 100)`（`i` 从零到 921）定义
+/// 层界，共得 922 个层界。其间的层在地表附近很薄并随高度增厚，故该积分
+/// 能分辨吸收集中的稠密低层大气。
 const EXACT_BOUNDARY_COUNT: usize = 922;
 
 /// The Earth radius used by the ray trace, in kilometers.
@@ -191,6 +225,11 @@ const EXACT_BOUNDARY_COUNT: usize = 922;
 /// The recommendation uses the mean radius, not the geopotential radius of
 /// the standard atmosphere, because this value enters the geometry of the
 /// ray rather than the definition of the height.
+///
+/// 射线追踪所用的地球半径，单位为千米。
+///
+/// 建议书用的是平均半径，而非标准大气的地势半径，因为该值进入射线的
+/// 几何，而非高度的定义。
 const RAY_TRACE_EARTH_RADIUS_KM: f64 = 6_371.0;
 
 /// Returns the attenuation along a slant path by the exact method of
@@ -219,6 +258,25 @@ const RAY_TRACE_EARTH_RADIUS_KM: f64 = 6_371.0;
 ///
 /// Source: ITU-R Recommendation P.676-12, equations 13 through 19, with the
 /// layered atmosphere of ITU-R Recommendation P.835-6.
+///
+/// 以建议书 P.676 的精确方法返回沿斜路径的衰减。
+///
+/// 精确方法把大气分成厚度随高度指数增长的一叠层，计算每层的比衰减，
+/// 并按射线穿过该层的路径长度对每层的贡献加权求和。由于射线发生折射，
+/// 路径长度以射线追踪求得，其中对相邻层折射率之比施加 Snell 定律，而
+/// 近似方法忽略这一点。
+///
+/// 这是低仰角下宜用的形式，此时 [`slant_path_attenuation`] 所用的平面
+/// 平行近似不准确。它的代价高得多，故近似形式仍可供其足够胜任的高仰角
+/// 情形使用。
+///
+/// 频率以吉赫兹计，仰角以弧度计，地表大气提供地面处的气压、水汽密度与
+/// 温度。地表水汽密度缩放指数水汽廓线，故该大气界定了整叠层。
+///
+/// 频率、仰角或大气不可用时返回 `None`。
+///
+/// 出处：ITU-R 建议书 P.676-12，式 13 至式 19，分层大气取自 ITU-R
+/// 建议书 P.835-6。
 pub fn slant_path_attenuation_exact(
     frequency_ghz: f64,
     elevation: f64,
@@ -233,6 +291,7 @@ pub fn slant_path_attenuation_exact(
 
     // Build the stack of layer boundaries. Each entry holds the geometric
     // height, the thickness, the profile values, and the refractive index.
+    // 构建层界叠层。每项保存几何高度、厚度、廓线值与折射率。
     let thickness_step = (1.0_f64 / 100.0).exp();
     let mut heights = [0.0_f64; EXACT_BOUNDARY_COUNT];
     let mut thicknesses = [0.0_f64; EXACT_BOUNDARY_COUNT];
@@ -245,6 +304,7 @@ pub fn slant_path_attenuation_exact(
         let exponent = index as f64 / 100.0;
         thicknesses[index] = 1.0e-4 * exponent.exp();
         // Equation 15: the geometric height of the boundary.
+        // 式 15：层界的几何高度。
         heights[index] = 1.0e-4 * (exponent.exp() - 1.0) / (thickness_step - 1.0);
 
         let temperature = crate::p835::standard_temperature(heights[index]);
@@ -259,6 +319,7 @@ pub fn slant_path_attenuation_exact(
 
         // The refractive index takes the total pressure, as the
         // recommendation specifies, not the dry air pressure.
+        // 折射率取总气压，如建议书所规定，而非干空气气压。
         let vapour_pressure = density * temperature / 216.7;
         indices[index] =
             crate::p835::radio_refractive_index(pressure, vapour_pressure, temperature);
@@ -266,6 +327,7 @@ pub fn slant_path_attenuation_exact(
 
     // The ray starts below the local horizon by the complement of the
     // elevation, and is bent upward as it climbs.
+    // 射线自当地地平以下、低仰角的余角处开始，并随上升而向上弯折。
     let mut angle = core::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_2 - elevation;
     let mut total = 0.0;
 
@@ -275,6 +337,7 @@ pub fn slant_path_attenuation_exact(
         let specific = crate::gaseous::specific_attenuation(frequency_ghz, layer_atmosphere)?;
 
         // Equation 17: the path length through the layer.
+        // 式 17：穿过该层的路径长度。
         let radius = RAY_TRACE_EARTH_RADIUS_KM + heights[index];
         let delta = thicknesses[index];
         let length = -radius * angle.cos()
@@ -286,6 +349,7 @@ pub fn slant_path_attenuation_exact(
         total += length * specific;
 
         // Equation 18a: the angle at which the ray leaves the layer.
+        // 式 18a：射线离开该层的角度。
         let cosine_argument = ((-length * length - 2.0 * radius * delta - delta * delta)
             / (2.0 * length * radius + 2.0 * length * delta))
             .clamp(-1.0, 1.0);
@@ -294,6 +358,8 @@ pub fn slant_path_attenuation_exact(
         // Equation 19a: Snell's law at the boundary, using the ratio of the
         // refractive index here to the one above. The topmost boundary has
         // no layer above it, so its ratio is one.
+        // 式 19a：层界处的 Snell 定律，使用此处折射率与上方折射率之比。
+        // 最顶部的层界上方没有层，故其比为一。
         let next = (index + 1).min(EXACT_BOUNDARY_COUNT - 1);
         let ratio = if next == index {
             1.0
diff --git a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/geometry.rs b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/geometry.rs
index b04ff56..4aa3149 100644
--- a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/geometry.rs
+++ b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/geometry.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,17 @@ use core::f64::consts::PI;
 ///
 /// The elevation is measured from the horizon and the zenith angle from the
 /// vertical, so the two add to a right angle.
+///
+/// 返回某天顶角对应的仰角。
+///
+/// 仰角自地平量起，天顶角自垂线量起，故两者相加为直角。
 pub fn elevation_from_zenith(zenith_angle: f64) -> f64 {
     PI / 2.0 - zenith_angle
 }
 
 /// Returns the zenith angle for an elevation angle.
+///
+/// 返回某仰角对应的天顶角。
 pub fn zenith_to_elevation(elevation: f64) -> f64 {
     PI / 2.0 - elevation
 }
@@ -35,6 +41,23 @@ pub fn zenith_to_elevation(elevation: f64) -> f64 {
 /// parallel geometry it models.
 ///
 /// Returns infinity at or below the horizon, where no direct path exists.
+///
+/// 返回给定仰角下沿斜路径的大气质量。
+///
+/// 大气质量是穿过平坦大气的路径长度与垂直路径长度之比。对平面平行
+/// 大气它是仰角的余割，
+///
+/// ```text
+/// m = 1 / sin(elevation)
+/// ```
+///
+/// 故在天顶处为一，在地平处无界增长。平面平行假定在约十度仰角以下
+/// 失效，那里地球曲率使路径比该式更短，真实大气质量更小。
+///
+/// 该值在低仰角处不被截断。需要在地平附近取有限上界的调用方应自行
+/// 施加；本函数报告它所建模的平面平行几何。
+///
+/// 在地平及其以下不存在直接路径，返回无穷。
 pub fn air_mass(elevation: f64) -> f64 {
     let sine = elevation.sin();
     if sine <= 0.0 {
diff --git a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p835.rs b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p835.rs
index e455250..fa9a2d5 100644
--- a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p835.rs
+++ b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p835.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@
 /// slightly different from the polar radius used elsewhere. It is the value
 /// that makes the geopotential height consistent with the tabulated
 /// profiles.
+///
+/// 用于势高转换的地球半径，单位为千米。
+///
+/// 建议书为标准大气固定了该值，它与别处所用的极半径略有不同。正是该值
+/// 使势高与所列廓线一致。
 const GEOPOTENTIAL_EARTH_RADIUS_KM: f64 = 6_356.766;
 
 /// Returns the geopotential height for a geometric height, in kilometers.
@@ -34,6 +39,17 @@ const GEOPOTENTIAL_EARTH_RADIUS_KM: f64 = 6_356.766;
 /// with `R` the fixed Earth radius of the standard atmosphere and `H` the
 /// geometric height. The geopotential height is always the smaller of the
 /// two.
+///
+/// 返回某几何高度对应的势高，单位为千米。
+///
+/// 关系为
+///
+/// ```text
+/// h_p = R H / (R + H)
+/// ```
+///
+/// 其中 `R` 是标准大气固定的地球半径，`H` 是几何高度。势高总是两者中较
+/// 小者。
 pub fn geopotential_height(geometric_height_km: f64) -> f64 {
     GEOPOTENTIAL_EARTH_RADIUS_KM * geometric_height_km
         / (GEOPOTENTIAL_EARTH_RADIUS_KM + geometric_height_km)
@@ -139,6 +155,21 @@ pub fn standard_water_vapour_density(geometric_height_km: f64, surface_density:
 ///
 /// Source: ITU-R Recommendation P.453, which gives this expression for the
 /// refractive index of moist air.
+///
+/// 返回湿空气的无线电折射率，无量纲。
+///
+/// 关系为
+///
+/// ```text
+/// N = 77.6 P_d / T + 72 e / T + 3.75e5 e / T^2
+/// n = 1 + N 1e-6
+/// ```
+///
+/// 其中 `P_d` 是干空气气压，`e` 是水汽分压，两者均以百帕计；`T` 是
+/// 温度，以开尔文计。前两项是非色散折射率，第三项是使水汽产生强烈效应
+/// 的偶极项。
+///
+/// 出处：ITU-R 建议书 P.453，它给出湿空气折射率的这一表达式。
 pub fn radio_refractive_index(
     dry_pressure_hpa: f64,
     vapour_pressure_hpa: f64,
diff --git a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p839.rs b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p839.rs
index f585015..1ce2b20 100644
--- a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p839.rs
+++ b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p839.rs
@@ -16,12 +16,18 @@
 use crate::p839_table::ZERO_ISOTHERM_HEIGHT_METRES;
 
 /// The grid resolution of the tabulated isotherm height, in degrees.
+///
+/// 列表等温线高度的网格分辨率，单位为度。
 const STEP_DEGREES: f64 = 1.5;
 
 /// The number of rows in the table, running from north to south.
+///
+/// 表中的行数，自北向南排列。
 const ROWS: usize = 121;
 
 /// The number of columns in the table, running from east to east.
+///
+/// 表中的列数，自东向东排列。
 const COLUMNS: usize = 241;
 
 /// The offset added to the isotherm height to obtain the rain height, in
@@ -30,6 +36,11 @@ const COLUMNS: usize = 241;
 /// The recommendation states that the rain height is the isotherm height
 /// plus 0.36 km, which represents the depth of the melting layer below the
 /// isotherm.
+///
+/// 加到等温线高度上以获得雨顶高度的偏移，单位为千米。
+///
+/// 建议书指出雨顶高度是等温线高度加 0.36 km，它代表等温线以下融化层的
+/// 深度。
 pub const RAIN_HEIGHT_OFFSET_KM: f64 = 0.36;
 
 /// Returns the height of the zero degree isotherm at a location, in
@@ -45,6 +56,15 @@ pub const RAIN_HEIGHT_OFFSET_KM: f64 = 0.36;
 ///
 /// Source: ITU-R Recommendation P.839-4, equation 1 and the tabulated
 /// isotherm height.
+///
+/// 返回某位置零度等温线的高度，以平均海平面以上千米计。
+///
+/// 纬度以度计、北正；经度以度计、东正。该值由列表网格双线性插值得到，
+/// 经度先归约到 `[0, 360)`，故任何约定都被接受。
+///
+/// 任一坐标非有限，或纬度超出网格范围时返回 `None`。
+///
+/// 出处：ITU-R 建议书 P.839-4，式 1 及所列等温线高度。
 pub fn zero_isotherm_height(latitude: f64, longitude: f64) -> Option<f64> {
     if !latitude.is_finite() || !longitude.is_finite() {
         return None;
@@ -55,12 +75,14 @@ pub fn zero_isotherm_height(latitude: f64, longitude: f64) -> Option<f64> {
 
     // The rows run from north to south, so the row index grows as the
     // latitude falls.
+    // 各行自北向南排列，故行下标随纬度下降而增大。
     let row_position = (90.0 - latitude) / STEP_DEGREES;
     let row_lower = (row_position.floor() as usize).min(ROWS - 1);
     let row_upper = (row_lower + 1).min(ROWS - 1);
     let row_fraction = row_position - row_lower as f64;
 
     // The columns run from 0 to 360 degrees east, wrapping at the seam.
+    // 各列自东经 0 度到 360 度排列，在接缝处环绕。
     let longitude = longitude.rem_euclid(360.0);
     let column_position = longitude / STEP_DEGREES;
     let column_lower = (column_position.floor() as usize).min(COLUMNS - 1);
@@ -71,6 +93,7 @@ pub fn zero_isotherm_height(latitude: f64, longitude: f64) -> Option<f64> {
         |row: usize, column: usize| f64::from(ZERO_ISOTHERM_HEIGHT_METRES[row][column]) / 1000.0;
 
     // Bilinear interpolation.
+    // 双线性插值。
     let top = sample(row_lower, column_lower)
         + (sample(row_lower, column_upper) - sample(row_lower, column_lower)) * column_fraction;
     let bottom = sample(row_upper, column_lower)
@@ -84,11 +107,19 @@ pub fn zero_isotherm_height(latitude: f64, longitude: f64) -> Option<f64> {
 /// [`RAIN_HEIGHT_OFFSET_KM`], as the recommendation defines it.
 ///
 /// Returns `None` when the coordinates are not usable.
+///
+/// 返回某位置的雨顶高度，以平均海平面以上千米计。
+///
+/// 它是零度等温线高度加 [`RAIN_HEIGHT_OFFSET_KM`]，如建议书所定义。
+///
+/// 坐标不可用时返回 `None`。
 pub fn rain_height(latitude: f64, longitude: f64) -> Option<f64> {
     Some(zero_isotherm_height(latitude, longitude)? + RAIN_HEIGHT_OFFSET_KM)
 }
 
 /// Returns the grid resolution of the tabulated isotherm height, in degrees.
+///
+/// 返回列表等温线高度的网格分辨率，单位为度。
 pub const fn grid_step_degrees() -> f64 {
     STEP_DEGREES
 }
diff --git a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p839_table.rs b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p839_table.rs
index e5531c7..0370267 100644
--- a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p839_table.rs
+++ b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/p839_table.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,15 @@
 ///
 /// Source: ITU-R Recommendation P.839-4, *Rain height model for prediction
 /// methods*, which tabulates the isotherm height on this grid.
+///
+/// 零度等温线的高度，单位为米。
+///
+/// 网格在行方向上自北纬 90 度到南纬 90 度，在列方向上自东经 0 度到
+/// 360 度，步长均为 1.5 度，故有 121 行 241 列。分数纬度或经度处的值
+/// 由周围四点之间的双线性插值求得。
+///
+/// 出处：ITU-R 建议书 P.839-4，*Rain height model for prediction methods*，
+/// 它在该网格上列出等温线高度。
 pub static ZERO_ISOTHERM_HEIGHT_METRES: [[u16; 241]; 121] = [
     [
         2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096, 2096,
diff --git a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/rain.rs b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/rain.rs
index 8c1e340..920ada0 100644
--- a/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/rain.rs
+++ b/crates/rf/apsis-atmosphere/src/rain.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ use apsis_rf::Decibel;
 ///
 /// The value accounts for the refraction of the ray in the lower atmosphere,
 /// which makes the Earth appear larger than it is.
+///
+/// 路径几何所用的地球有效半径，单位为千米。
+///
+/// 该值考虑了射线在低层大气中的折射，折射使地球显得比实际更大。
 const EFFECTIVE_EARTH_RADIUS_KM: f64 = 8_500.0;
 
 /// A mid latitude rain height, in kilometers above sea level.
@@ -37,20 +41,36 @@ const EFFECTIVE_EARTH_RADIUS_KM: f64 = 8_500.0;
 /// height of Recommendation P.839, which is tabulated as a function of
 /// latitude and longitude. Prefer [`rain_attenuation_at`], which looks the
 /// value up, over [`rain_attenuation`] with this constant.
+///
+/// 中纬度雨顶高度，以海拔千米计。
+///
+/// 建议书 P.618 从建议书 P.839 的零度等温线高度取雨顶高度，后者按纬度
+/// 与经度列表给出。相较用本常量调用 [`rain_attenuation`]，更宜用会查表
+/// 的 [`rain_attenuation_at`]。
 pub const DEFAULT_RAIN_HEIGHT_KM: f64 = 3.0;
 
 /// One term of a P.838-3 curve fit.
+///
+/// P.838-3 曲线拟合的一项。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct CurveTerm {
     /// The amplitude coefficient.
+    ///
+    /// 幅度系数。
     amplitude: f64,
     /// The centre of the term, on a base ten logarithmic frequency axis.
+    ///
+    /// 该项的中心，在十进对数频率轴上。
     centre: f64,
     /// The width of the term, on a base ten logarithmic frequency axis.
+    ///
+    /// 该项的宽度，在十进对数频率轴上。
     width: f64,
 }
 
 /// The coefficients of the `k` curve fit for horizontal polarisation.
+///
+/// 水平极化 `k` 曲线拟合的系数。
 const K_HORIZONTAL_TERMS: &[CurveTerm] = &[
     CurveTerm {
         amplitude: -5.339_80,
@@ -75,6 +95,8 @@ const K_HORIZONTAL_TERMS: &[CurveTerm] = &[
 ];
 
 /// The coefficients of the `k` curve fit for vertical polarisation.
+///
+/// 垂直极化 `k` 曲线拟合的系数。
 const K_VERTICAL_TERMS: &[CurveTerm] = &[
     CurveTerm {
         amplitude: -3.805_95,
@@ -99,6 +121,8 @@ const K_VERTICAL_TERMS: &[CurveTerm] = &[
 ];
 
 /// The coefficients of the `alpha` curve fit for horizontal polarisation.
+///
+/// 水平极化 `alpha` 曲线拟合的系数。
 const ALPHA_HORIZONTAL_TERMS: &[CurveTerm] = &[
     CurveTerm {
         amplitude: -0.143_18,
@@ -128,6 +152,8 @@ const ALPHA_HORIZONTAL_TERMS: &[CurveTerm] = &[
 ];
 
 /// The coefficients of the `alpha` curve fit for vertical polarisation.
+///
+/// 垂直极化 `alpha` 曲线拟合的系数。
 const ALPHA_VERTICAL_TERMS: &[CurveTerm] = &[
     CurveTerm {
         amplitude: -0.077_71,
@@ -157,32 +183,58 @@ const ALPHA_VERTICAL_TERMS: &[CurveTerm] = &[
 ];
 
 /// The linear coefficients of the `k` curve fits.
+///
+/// `k` 曲线拟合的线性系数。
 const K_SLOPE_HORIZONTAL: f64 = -0.189_61;
 /// The constant of the horizontal `k` curve fit.
+///
+/// 水平 `k` 曲线拟合的常数。
 const K_OFFSET_HORIZONTAL: f64 = 0.711_47;
 /// The linear coefficient of the vertical `k` curve fit.
+///
+/// 垂直 `k` 曲线拟合的线性系数。
 const K_SLOPE_VERTICAL: f64 = -0.163_98;
 /// The constant of the vertical `k` curve fit.
+///
+/// 垂直 `k` 曲线拟合的常数。
 const K_OFFSET_VERTICAL: f64 = 0.632_97;
 /// The linear coefficient of the horizontal `alpha` curve fit.
+///
+/// 水平 `alpha` 曲线拟合的线性系数。
 const ALPHA_SLOPE_HORIZONTAL: f64 = 0.678_49;
 /// The constant of the horizontal `alpha` curve fit.
+///
+/// 水平 `alpha` 曲线拟合的常数。
 const ALPHA_OFFSET_HORIZONTAL: f64 = -1.955_37;
 /// The linear coefficient of the vertical `alpha` curve fit.
+///
+/// 垂直 `alpha` 曲线拟合的线性系数。
 const ALPHA_SLOPE_VERTICAL: f64 = -0.053_739;
 /// The constant of the vertical `alpha` curve fit.
+///
+/// 垂直 `alpha` 曲线拟合的常数。
 const ALPHA_OFFSET_VERTICAL: f64 = 0.834_33;
 
 /// A rain attenuation result at a given elevation.
+///
+/// 给定仰角下的降雨衰减结果。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct RainAttenuation {
     /// The specific attenuation, in decibels per kilometer.
+    ///
+    /// 比衰减，单位为分贝每千米。
     pub specific_db_per_km: f64,
     /// The effective path length through the rain, in kilometers.
+    ///
+    /// 穿过降雨的有效路径长度，单位为千米。
     pub path_length_km: f64,
     /// The total attenuation along the path, in decibels.
+    ///
+    /// 沿路径的总衰减，单位为分贝。
     pub attenuation_db: f64,
     /// The horizontal reduction factor, dimensionless and at most one.
+    ///
+    /// 水平缩减因子，无量纲且至多为一。
     pub horizontal_reduction: f64,
     /// The vertical adjustment factor, dimensionless.
     ///
@@ -190,16 +242,26 @@ pub struct RainAttenuation {
     /// of the two geometric path estimates. It is at most one when the path
     /// meets the rain layer at a steep angle and can exceed one at a shallow
     /// angle, which is the behaviour Recommendation P.618 gives.
+    ///
+    /// 垂直调整因子，无量纲。
+    ///
+    /// 该因子是有效路径长度与两个几何路径估计中较长者之比。当路径以陡
+    /// 角与雨层相交时至多为一，以浅角相交时可超过一，这正是建议书
+    /// P.618 所给出的行为。
     pub vertical_adjustment: f64,
 }
 
 impl RainAttenuation {
     /// Returns the total attenuation.
+    ///
+    /// 返回总衰减。
     pub fn attenuation(self) -> Decibel {
         Decibel::from_db(self.attenuation_db)
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` when every value is finite and not negative.
+    ///
+    /// 当每个值有限且非负时返回 `true`。
     pub fn is_valid(self) -> bool {
         self.specific_db_per_km.is_finite()
             && self.specific_db_per_km >= 0.0
@@ -214,12 +276,18 @@ impl RainAttenuation {
 ///
 /// The term is a Gaussian on a base ten logarithmic frequency axis, so the
 /// frequency must be in gigahertz and positive.
+///
+/// 求一个 P.838-3 曲线项。
+///
+/// 该项是十进对数频率轴上的高斯，故频率必须以吉赫兹计且为正。
 fn curve_term(term: CurveTerm, frequency_ghz: f64) -> f64 {
     let logarithm = frequency_ghz.log10();
     term.amplitude * (-((logarithm - term.centre) / term.width).powi(2)).exp()
 }
 
 /// Returns the `k` for a polarisation, before the elevation correction.
+///
+/// 返回某极化的 `k`，在仰角修正之前。
 fn base_k(terms: &[CurveTerm], slope: f64, offset: f64, frequency_ghz: f64) -> f64 {
     let gaussian: f64 = terms
         .iter()
@@ -229,6 +297,8 @@ fn base_k(terms: &[CurveTerm], slope: f64, offset: f64, frequency_ghz: f64) -> f
 }
 
 /// Returns the `alpha` for a polarisation, before the elevation correction.
+///
+/// 返回某极化的 `alpha`，在仰角修正之前。
 fn base_alpha(terms: &[CurveTerm], slope: f64, offset: f64, frequency_ghz: f64) -> f64 {
     let gaussian: f64 = terms
         .iter()
@@ -252,6 +322,19 @@ fn base_alpha(terms: &[CurveTerm], slope: f64, offset: f64, frequency_ghz: f64)
 /// 1000 GHz.
 ///
 /// Source: ITU-R Recommendation P.838-3, equations 2 and 3.
+///
+/// 返回比衰减幂律的 P.838-3 系数。
+///
+/// 极化是电场与水平方向之间以弧度计的角度，故零为水平、直角为垂直。
+/// 仰角以弧度计。
+///
+/// 结果是关系 `gamma = k R^alpha` 中系数 `k` 与指数 `alpha` 的一对值，
+/// 其中降雨率以毫米每小时计，结果以分贝每千米计。
+///
+/// 频率、极化或仰角不可用时返回 `None`。该建议书针对 1 GHz 至 1000 GHz
+/// 的频率陈述。
+///
+/// 出处：ITU-R 建议书 P.838-3，式 2 与式 3。
 pub fn rain_coefficients(frequency: f64, polarisation: f64, elevation: f64) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
     let frequency_ghz = frequency / 1.0e9;
     if !frequency_ghz.is_finite() || !(1.0..=1_000.0).contains(&frequency_ghz) {
@@ -290,6 +373,8 @@ pub fn rain_coefficients(frequency: f64, polarisation: f64, elevation: f64) -> O
     // of the elevation angle and the cosine of twice the polarisation tilt.
     // The elevation term vanishes at the zenith, where the distinction
     // between horizontal and vertical polarisation disappears.
+    // 仰角与极化通过仰角余弦的平方以及二倍极化倾角的余弦进入。仰角项在
+    // 天顶处消失，那里水平与垂直极化之别不复存在。
     let geometry_factor = elevation.cos().powi(2) * (2.0 * polarisation).cos();
     let k = 0.5 * (k_horizontal + k_vertical + (k_horizontal - k_vertical) * geometry_factor);
     let alpha = (k_horizontal * alpha_horizontal
@@ -305,6 +390,12 @@ pub fn rain_coefficients(frequency: f64, polarisation: f64, elevation: f64) -> O
 ///
 /// Returns `None` when the rain rate is negative, or when the coefficients
 /// are not available.
+///
+/// 返回雨中的比衰减，单位为分贝每千米。
+///
+/// 降雨率以毫米每小时计。
+///
+/// 降雨率为负，或系数不可用时返回 `None`。
 pub fn specific_rain_attenuation(
     rain_rate: f64,
     frequency: f64,
@@ -338,6 +429,22 @@ pub fn specific_rain_attenuation(
 /// below the horizon.
 ///
 /// Source: ITU-R Recommendation P.618-13, equations 1 through 10.
+///
+/// 返回沿斜路径的总降雨衰减。
+///
+/// 降雨率是在所关注时间百分比上被超过的值，以毫米每小时计。站的海拔
+/// 高度与雨层高度以千米计；没有本地值时，后者传
+/// [`DEFAULT_RAIN_HEIGHT_KM`]。
+///
+/// 方法即建议书 P.618 所述。斜路径长度由雨顶高度、站高与仰角得出，
+/// 并作地球曲率修正。随后两个缩减因子计入降雨的不均匀性：一个水平
+/// 因子，取决于比衰减、频率以及路径的水平投影；一个垂直因子，通过
+/// 路径穿越雨层的角度取决于纬度。
+///
+/// 降雨率、频率或仰角不可用，站高于雨层，或仰角在地平及其以下时返回
+/// `None`。
+///
+/// 出处：ITU-R 建议书 P.618-13，式 1 至式 10。
 pub fn rain_attenuation(
     rain_rate: f64,
     frequency: f64,
@@ -362,9 +469,11 @@ pub fn rain_attenuation(
     let specific = specific_rain_attenuation(rain_rate, frequency, polarisation, elevation)?;
 
     // Equation 2: the slant path length, with the Earth curvature term.
+    // 式 2：斜路径长度，含地球曲率项。
     let height_difference = rain_height_km - station_height_km;
     if height_difference <= 0.0 {
         // The station is at or above the rain layer, so the path is empty.
+        // 站在雨层处或其上，故路径为空。
         return Some(RainAttenuation {
             specific_db_per_km: specific,
             path_length_km: 0.0,
@@ -378,18 +487,22 @@ pub fn rain_attenuation(
         / ((sine * sine + 2.0 * height_difference / EFFECTIVE_EARTH_RADIUS_KM).sqrt() + sine);
 
     // Equation 3: the horizontal projection of the slant path.
+    // 式 3：斜路径的水平投影。
     let horizontal_length = (slant_length * elevation.cos()).abs();
 
     // Equation 6: the horizontal reduction factor.
+    // 式 6：水平缩减因子。
     let frequency_ghz = frequency / 1.0e9;
     let horizontal_reduction = 1.0
         / (1.0 + 0.78 * (horizontal_length * specific / frequency_ghz).sqrt()
             - 0.38 * (1.0 - (-2.0 * horizontal_length).exp()));
 
     // Equation 7: the angle at which the path crosses the rain layer.
+    // 式 7：路径穿越雨层的角度。
     let eta = (height_difference / (horizontal_length * horizontal_reduction)).atan();
 
     // Equation 8: the longer of the two path estimates.
+    // 式 8：两个路径估计中较长者。
     let path_length = if eta > elevation {
         horizontal_length * horizontal_reduction / elevation.cos()
     } else {
@@ -397,10 +510,13 @@ pub fn rain_attenuation(
     };
 
     // Equation 9: the vertical adjustment factor.
+    // 式 9：垂直调整因子。
     //
     // The exponential takes the elevation in degrees, not radians, because
     // the coefficients of 31 and 0.45 were fitted with degrees. The sine
     // takes the elevation in radians, as usual.
+    // 指数以度而非弧度接收仰角，因为 31 与 0.45 两个系数是以度拟合的。
+    // 正弦照常以弧度接收仰角。
     let latitude_magnitude = latitude.abs();
     let xi = if latitude_magnitude < 36.0 {
         36.0 - latitude_magnitude
@@ -418,6 +534,7 @@ pub fn rain_attenuation(
                     - 0.45));
 
     // Equation 10: the effective path length and the attenuation.
+    // 式 10：有效路径长度与衰减。
     let effective_length = path_length * vertical_adjustment;
     Some(RainAttenuation {
         specific_db_per_km: specific,
@@ -432,6 +549,10 @@ pub fn rain_attenuation(
 /// horizontal.
 ///
 /// This is a convenience for the two cases that are quoted by name.
+///
+/// 返回以相对水平倾角描述的极化所对应的弧度角。
+///
+/// 这是为两种常被具名引用的情形提供的便利。
 pub const fn polarisation_tilt(degrees_from_horizontal: f64) -> f64 {
     degrees_from_horizontal * core::f64::consts::PI / 180.0
 }
@@ -451,6 +572,19 @@ pub const fn polarisation_tilt(degrees_from_horizontal: f64) -> f64 {
 ///
 /// Source: the rain height is from ITU-R Recommendation P.839-4 and the path
 /// method from ITU-R Recommendation P.618-13.
+///
+/// 返回沿斜路径的总降雨衰减，雨顶高度取自建议书 P.839 模型。
+///
+/// 这与 [`rain_attenuation`] 是同一计算，只是雨层高度由给定纬经度处列表
+/// 给出的零度等温线高度查得，而非由调用方提供。除非有本地实测的等温线
+/// 高度，否则宜用此形式。
+///
+/// 站高必须给出；海拔为零的站传零。
+///
+/// 坐标不可用，或其他任何参数被 [`rain_attenuation`] 拒绝时返回 `None`。
+///
+/// 出处：雨顶高度来自 ITU-R 建议书 P.839-4，路径方法来自 ITU-R 建议书
+/// P.618-13。
 pub fn rain_attenuation_at(
     rain_rate: f64,
     frequency: f64,