diff --git a/crates/physics/apsis-coord/src/frames.rs b/crates/physics/apsis-coord/src/frames.rs
index 5794756..d70efd3 100644
--- a/crates/physics/apsis-coord/src/frames.rs
+++ b/crates/physics/apsis-coord/src/frames.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ use apsis_math::Vec3;
 /// The frame is aligned with the mean equator and equinox of J2000.0 and is
 /// treated as inertial, so it does not rotate with the Earth. Coordinates
 /// are in meters.
+///
+/// 地心惯性系中的笛卡尔位置。
+///
+/// 该系与 J2000.0 的平赤道平春分点对齐，并视为惯性系，故不随地球自转。
+/// 坐标单位为米。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Eci(Vec3);
 
@@ -19,6 +24,10 @@ pub struct Eci(Vec3);
 ///
 /// The frame rotates with the Earth, so a point fixed to the ground has
 /// constant coordinates in it. Coordinates are in meters.
+///
+/// 地心地固系中的笛卡尔位置。
+///
+/// 该系随地球自转，故地面上固定的点在其中坐标恒定。坐标单位为米。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Ecef(Vec3);
 
@@ -28,22 +37,32 @@ pub struct Ecef(Vec3);
 /// Latitude and longitude are in radians and height is in meters. Latitude
 /// is geodetic, measured between the ellipsoid normal and the equatorial
 /// plane.
+///
+/// 以纬度、经度与 WGS 84 椭球高给出的地固系位置。
+///
+/// 纬度与经度用弧度，高用米。纬度为大地纬度，在椭球法线与赤道面之间量取。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Geodetic(EllipsoidalPosition);
 
 impl Eci {
     /// Creates an inertial position from a vector in meters.
+    ///
+    /// 由米为单位的向量创建惯性位置。
     pub const fn new(vector: Vec3) -> Self {
         Self(vector)
     }
 
     /// Returns the position in meters.
+    ///
+    /// 返回以米为单位的位置。
     pub const fn vector(self) -> Vec3 {
         self.0
     }
 
     /// Converts this inertial position to the Earth-fixed frame at the given
     /// Earth Rotation Angle.
+    ///
+    /// 按给定的地球自转角把该惯性位置转换到地固系。
     pub fn to_ecef(self, angle: EarthRotationAngle) -> Ecef {
         Ecef(rotation_eci_to_ecef(angle) * self.0)
     }
@@ -51,17 +70,23 @@ impl Eci {
 
 impl Ecef {
     /// Creates an Earth-fixed position from a vector in meters.
+    ///
+    /// 由米为单位的向量创建地固位置。
     pub const fn new(vector: Vec3) -> Self {
         Self(vector)
     }
 
     /// Returns the position in meters.
+    ///
+    /// 返回以米为单位的位置。
     pub const fn vector(self) -> Vec3 {
         self.0
     }
 
     /// Converts this Earth-fixed position to the inertial frame at the given
     /// Earth Rotation Angle.
+    ///
+    /// 按给定的地球自转角把该地固位置转换到惯性系。
     pub fn to_eci(self, angle: EarthRotationAngle) -> Eci {
         Eci(rotation_ecef_to_eci(angle) * self.0)
     }
@@ -71,6 +96,10 @@ impl Ecef {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` when the position lies on the polar axis, where no
     /// longitude is defined.
+    ///
+    /// 把该地固位置转换为给定椭球之上的纬度、经度与高。
+    ///
+    /// 当位置落在极轴上时返回 `None`，因为那里经度未定义。
     pub fn to_geodetic(self, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Option<Geodetic> {
         geodetic_from_cartesian(self.0, ellipsoid).map(Geodetic)
     }
@@ -80,26 +109,38 @@ impl Geodetic {
     /// Creates a geodetic position from latitude, longitude, and height.
     ///
     /// Latitude and longitude are in radians and height is in meters.
+    ///
+    /// 由纬度、经度与高创建大地位置。
+    ///
+    /// 纬度与经度用弧度，高用米。
     pub const fn new(latitude: f64, longitude: f64, height: f64) -> Self {
         Self(EllipsoidalPosition::new(latitude, longitude, height))
     }
 
     /// Returns the geodetic latitude in radians.
+    ///
+    /// 返回大地纬度，单位为弧度。
     pub const fn latitude(self) -> f64 {
         self.0.latitude
     }
 
     /// Returns the longitude in radians, positive east.
+    ///
+    /// 返回经度，单位为弧度，向东为正。
     pub const fn longitude(self) -> f64 {
         self.0.longitude
     }
 
     /// Returns the height above the ellipsoid in meters.
+    ///
+    /// 返回椭球高，单位为米。
     pub const fn height(self) -> f64 {
         self.0.height
     }
 
     /// Returns the underlying ellipsoidal position.
+    ///
+    /// 返回底层的椭球位置。
     pub const fn ellipsoidal(self) -> EllipsoidalPosition {
         self.0
     }
@@ -109,12 +150,18 @@ impl Geodetic {
     ///
     /// This is the common case. Use [`Geodetic::to_ecef_on`] for a different
     /// ellipsoid.
+    ///
+    /// 把该位置转换到 WGS 84 椭球的地固系。
+    ///
+    /// 这是常见情形。需用其他椭球时请用 [`Geodetic::to_ecef_on`]。
     pub fn to_ecef(self) -> Ecef {
         self.to_ecef_on(WGS84)
     }
 
     /// Converts this position to the Earth-fixed frame on the given
     /// ellipsoid.
+    ///
+    /// 把该位置转换到给定椭球的地固系。
     pub fn to_ecef_on(self, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Ecef {
         Ecef(cartesian_from_geodetic(self.0, ellipsoid))
     }
diff --git a/crates/physics/apsis-geodesy/src/ellipsoid.rs b/crates/physics/apsis-geodesy/src/ellipsoid.rs
index f40f37e..18f81df 100644
--- a/crates/physics/apsis-geodesy/src/ellipsoid.rs
+++ b/crates/physics/apsis-geodesy/src/ellipsoid.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
 /// there is no risk of the parameters disagreeing with each other.
 ///
 /// Lengths are in meters and angles are in radians.
+///
+/// 双轴参考椭球：绕短轴旋转所得的椭圆。
+///
+/// 形状由两个数确定。本 crate 存储半长轴与逆扁率，它们是标准中 WGS 84 椭球的
+/// 两个定义参数。其余量都由二者导出，故各参数之间不会失配。
+///
+/// 长度单位为米，角度单位为弧度。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Ellipsoid {
     semi_major_axis: f64,
@@ -21,6 +28,10 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
     ///
     /// Lengths are in meters. The inverse flattening must be positive and
     /// finite; a value of infinity describes a sphere.
+    ///
+    /// 由半长轴与逆扁率创建椭球。
+    ///
+    /// 长度单位为米。逆扁率必须为正且有限；取无穷大则描述一个球。
     pub const fn new(semi_major_axis: f64, inverse_flattening: f64) -> Self {
         Self {
             semi_major_axis,
@@ -29,11 +40,15 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
     }
 
     /// Returns the semi-major axis, in meters.
+    ///
+    /// 返回半长轴，单位为米。
     pub const fn semi_major_axis(self) -> f64 {
         self.semi_major_axis
     }
 
     /// Returns the inverse flattening.
+    ///
+    /// 返回逆扁率。
     pub const fn inverse_flattening(self) -> f64 {
         self.inverse_flattening
     }
@@ -41,11 +56,17 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
     /// Returns the flattening.
     ///
     /// This is zero for a sphere.
+    ///
+    /// 返回扁率。
+    ///
+    /// 对球其值为零。
     pub fn flattening(self) -> f64 {
         1.0 / self.inverse_flattening
     }
 
     /// Returns the semi-minor axis, in meters.
+    ///
+    /// 返回半短轴，单位为米。
     pub fn semi_minor_axis(self) -> f64 {
         self.semi_major_axis * (1.0 - self.flattening())
     }
@@ -54,12 +75,18 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
     /// `[0, 1)`.
     ///
     /// It is `2f - f^2` for flattening `f`.
+    ///
+    /// 返回第一偏心率平方，为位于 `[0, 1)` 的无量纲数。
+    ///
+    /// 对扁率 `f`，它等于 `2f - f^2`。
     pub fn eccentricity_squared(self) -> f64 {
         let flattening = self.flattening();
         2.0 * flattening - flattening * flattening
     }
 
     /// Returns the first eccentricity, a dimensionless number in `[0, 1)`.
+    ///
+    /// 返回第一偏心率，为位于 `[0, 1)` 的无量纲数。
     pub fn eccentricity(self) -> f64 {
         self.eccentricity_squared().sqrt()
     }
@@ -68,6 +95,10 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
     ///
     /// It is `e^2 / (1 - e^2)`, which appears in the closed form for
     /// converting a geodetic position to Cartesian coordinates.
+    ///
+    /// 返回第二偏心率平方，为无量纲数。
+    ///
+    /// 它等于 `e^2 / (1 - e^2)`，出现在把大地位置转换为笛卡尔坐标的闭式解中。
     pub fn second_eccentricity_squared(self) -> f64 {
         let squared = self.eccentricity_squared();
         squared / (1.0 - squared)
@@ -77,6 +108,10 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
     ///
     /// This is the radius of curvature in the meridian at the pole, equal
     /// to `a / sqrt(1 - e^2)`.
+    ///
+    /// 返回极半径曲率，单位为米。
+    ///
+    /// 它是极点处子午线上的曲率半径，等于 `a / sqrt(1 - e^2)`。
     pub fn polar_radius_of_curvature(self) -> f64 {
         self.semi_major_axis / (1.0 - self.eccentricity_squared()).sqrt()
     }
@@ -89,6 +124,13 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
     /// the equator to [`Ellipsoid::polar_radius_of_curvature`] at the pole.
     ///
     /// The latitude is in radians.
+    ///
+    /// 返回给定大地纬度处卯酉圈上的曲率半径，单位为米。
+    ///
+    /// 它是沿椭球法线从表面量到极轴的距离，由赤道处的半长轴增长到极点的
+    /// [`Ellipsoid::polar_radius_of_curvature`]。
+    ///
+    /// 纬度单位为弧度。
     pub fn prime_vertical_radius(self, latitude: f64) -> f64 {
         let sin = latitude.sin();
         self.semi_major_axis / (1.0 - self.eccentricity_squared() * sin * sin).sqrt()
@@ -98,6 +140,10 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
     /// geodetic latitude, in meters.
     ///
     /// The latitude is in radians.
+    ///
+    /// 返回给定大地纬度处子午线上的曲率半径，单位为米。
+    ///
+    /// 纬度单位为弧度。
     pub fn meridian_radius(self, latitude: f64) -> f64 {
         let sin = latitude.sin();
         let squared = self.eccentricity_squared();
@@ -112,6 +158,11 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
     /// radius vector, while the geodetic latitude is measured to the
     /// ellipsoid normal. The geocentric value is the smaller of the two
     /// away from the equator and the poles.
+    ///
+    /// 返回与给定大地纬度对应的地心纬度，单位为弧度。
+    ///
+    /// 地心纬度自赤道面量到径向矢量，而大地纬度量到椭球法线。除赤道与极点外，
+    /// 地心纬度小于大地纬度。
     pub fn geocentric_latitude(self, geodetic_latitude: f64) -> f64 {
         let squared = self.eccentricity_squared();
         let tangent = (1.0 - squared) * geodetic_latitude.tan();
@@ -125,6 +176,12 @@ impl Ellipsoid {
 /// the inverse flattening `1 / f = 298.257 223 563`.
 ///
 /// Source: NIMA TR8350.2, third edition, 2000.
+///
+/// WGS 84 参考椭球。
+///
+/// 两个定义参数为半长轴 `a = 6 378 137 m` 与逆扁率 `1 / f = 298.257 223 563`。
+///
+/// 出处：NIMA TR8350.2 第三版，2000。
 pub const WGS84: Ellipsoid = Ellipsoid::new(6_378_137.0, 298.257_223_563);
 
 /// The Earth gravitational parameter for WGS 84, in cubic meters per second
@@ -133,4 +190,9 @@ pub const WGS84: Ellipsoid = Ellipsoid::new(6_378_137.0, 298.257_223_563);
 /// This is held here rather than in `apsis-core` so that a caller working
 /// with the ellipsoid can use the matching gravity field. The value is
 /// `3.986 004 418e14 m^3/s^2`.
+///
+/// WGS 84 的地球引力参数，单位为立方米每二次方秒。
+///
+/// 该值置于此处而非 `apsis-core`，以便处理椭球的调用方使用与之匹配的重力场。
+/// 其值为 `3.986 004 418e14 m^3/s^2`。
 pub const WGS84_GRAVITATIONAL_PARAMETER: f64 = 3.986_004_418e14;
diff --git a/crates/physics/apsis-geodesy/src/geodetic.rs b/crates/physics/apsis-geodesy/src/geodetic.rs
index b0592da..28d8530 100644
--- a/crates/physics/apsis-geodesy/src/geodetic.rs
+++ b/crates/physics/apsis-geodesy/src/geodetic.rs
@@ -17,18 +17,32 @@ use apsis_math::Vec3;
 /// plane, and lies in `[-pi/2, pi/2]`. Longitude is measured east from the
 /// prime meridian. Height is the distance along the ellipsoid normal, taken
 /// as positive outside the ellipsoid.
+///
+/// 大地位置：纬度、经度与椭球高。
+///
+/// 纬度与经度用弧度，高用米。纬度为大地纬度，在椭球法线与赤道面之间量取，位于
+/// `[-pi/2, pi/2]`。经度自本初子午线向东量取。高是沿椭球法线的距离，椭球
+/// 之外取正。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Geodetic {
     /// Geodetic latitude, in radians.
+    ///
+    /// 大地纬度，单位为弧度。
     pub latitude: f64,
     /// Longitude, in radians, positive east.
+    ///
+    /// 经度，单位为弧度，向东为正。
     pub longitude: f64,
     /// Height above the ellipsoid, in meters.
+    ///
+    /// 椭球高，单位为米。
     pub height: f64,
 }
 
 impl Geodetic {
     /// Creates a geodetic position from latitude, longitude, and height.
+    ///
+    /// 由纬度、经度与高创建大地位置。
     pub const fn new(latitude: f64, longitude: f64, height: f64) -> Self {
         Self {
             latitude,
@@ -57,12 +71,30 @@ impl Geodetic {
     /// where `N` is the prime vertical radius of curvature. This form is
     /// exact everywhere, including at the poles, where the cosine factors
     /// vanish.
+    ///
+    /// 把该大地位置转换为给定椭球上的地固笛卡尔坐标。
+    ///
+    /// 该系的第三轴沿椭球短轴指向北极，第一轴过赤道与本初子午线之交，第二轴构成
+    /// 右手系。结果单位为米。
+    ///
+    /// 闭式解为
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// N = a / sqrt(1 - e^2 sin^2(lat))
+    /// x = (N + h) cos(lat) cos(lon)
+    /// y = (N + h) cos(lat) sin(lon)
+    /// z = (N (1 - e^2) + h) sin(lat)
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// 其中 `N` 为卯酉圈曲率半径。该形式处处精确，包括余弦因子为零的极点。
     pub fn to_cartesian(self, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Vec3 {
         cartesian_from_geodetic(self, ellipsoid)
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` when every field is finite and the latitude and
     /// longitude are inside their ranges.
+    ///
+    /// 当各字段都有限，且纬度与经度位于其范围内时返回 `true`。
     pub fn is_valid(self) -> bool {
         let half_pi = core::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
         self.latitude.is_finite()
@@ -79,6 +111,10 @@ impl Geodetic {
 ///
 /// See [`Geodetic::to_cartesian`] for the frame definition and the closed
 /// form.
+///
+/// 把大地位置转换为地固笛卡尔坐标。
+///
+/// 坐标系定义与闭式解见 [`Geodetic::to_cartesian`]。
 pub fn cartesian_from_geodetic(geodetic: Geodetic, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Vec3 {
     let Geodetic {
         latitude,
@@ -107,6 +143,13 @@ pub fn cartesian_from_geodetic(geodetic: Geodetic, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Vec3
 ///
 /// Returns `None` when the position is not finite, or when it lies on the
 /// polar axis so that no longitude is defined.
+///
+/// 把地固笛卡尔坐标转换为大地位置。
+///
+/// 纬度与高由 Bowring 方法求得：先以闭式解解出子午线方程，再用若干不动点迭代
+/// 精化。对从椭球下方到地球同步半径范围内的位置，该迭代收敛到远优于一微米。
+///
+/// 当位置非有限，或落在极轴上以致经度未定义时返回 `None`。
 pub fn geodetic_from_cartesian(cartesian: Vec3, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Option<Geodetic> {
     let Vec3 { x, y, z } = cartesian;
     if !cartesian.is_finite() {
@@ -121,6 +164,7 @@ pub fn geodetic_from_cartesian(cartesian: Vec3, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Option<
     let horizontal_squared = x * x + y * y;
     if horizontal_squared == 0.0 {
         // On the polar axis the longitude is undefined.
+        // 在极轴上经度未定义。
         return None;
     }
     let horizontal = horizontal_squared.sqrt();
@@ -128,6 +172,7 @@ pub fn geodetic_from_cartesian(cartesian: Vec3, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Option<
 
     // Bowring's initial latitude estimate, obtained by treating the point
     // as if it lay on a locally spherical surface.
+    // Bowring 的纬度初值估计，做法是把该点视为位于局部球面上。
     let theta = (z * semi_major).atan2(horizontal * semi_minor);
     let (sin_theta, cos_theta) = theta.sin_cos();
     let mut latitude = (z + second_squared * semi_minor * sin_theta * sin_theta * sin_theta)
@@ -136,6 +181,8 @@ pub fn geodetic_from_cartesian(cartesian: Vec3, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Option<
     // Refine with fixed point steps on the ellipsoid equation. Three steps
     // reduce the error to the floating point noise floor for every
     // terrestrial altitude.
+    // 用椭球方程的不动点迭代精化。三步即可把误差降到浮点噪声水平，适用于
+    // 任何地面高度。
     for _ in 0..3 {
         let (sin_latitude, _) = latitude.sin_cos();
         latitude = (z + squared * ellipsoid.prime_vertical_radius(latitude) * sin_latitude)
@@ -145,6 +192,7 @@ pub fn geodetic_from_cartesian(cartesian: Vec3, ellipsoid: Ellipsoid) -> Option<
     let (sin_latitude, cos_latitude) = latitude.sin_cos();
     // Guard against a latitude that has converged exactly to a pole, where
     // the division below would be singular.
+    // 防止纬度恰好收敛到极点，否则下文的除法为奇异。
     if cos_latitude == 0.0 {
         return None;
     }
diff --git a/crates/physics/apsis-leap/src/table.rs b/crates/physics/apsis-leap/src/table.rs
index 8d385c4..0fe2e55 100644
--- a/crates/physics/apsis-leap/src/table.rs
+++ b/crates/physics/apsis-leap/src/table.rs
@@ -7,15 +7,28 @@
 /// effect. It does not record the size of the inserted second, because in
 /// every announcement to date the inserted second was exactly one second
 /// and the new offset is one greater than the previous one.
+///
+/// 一条闰秒公告。
+///
+/// 该条目记录 `TAI - UTC` 新值生效的日期。它不记录所插入闰秒的长度，因为迄今
+/// 每一次公告插入的闰秒都恰为一秒，且新偏移比前一个大一。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct LeapSecond {
     /// Year of the effective date, in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
+    ///
+    /// 生效日期的年，前推格里历。
     pub year: i32,
     /// Month of the effective date, in `1..=12`.
+    ///
+    /// 生效日期的月，取值 `1..=12`。
     pub month: u32,
     /// Day of the effective date, in `1..=31`.
+    ///
+    /// 生效日期的日，取值 `1..=31`。
     pub day: u32,
     /// The value of `TAI - UTC` in seconds from this date onward.
+    ///
+    /// 自该日起生效的 `TAI - UTC` 值，单位为秒。
     pub tai_minus_utc: f64,
 }
 
@@ -24,6 +37,10 @@ impl LeapSecond {
     ///
     /// Leap seconds take effect at 00:00:00 UTC, so the effective instant
     /// is the start of the given calendar day.
+    ///
+    /// 返回生效瞬时的修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）。
+    ///
+    /// 闰秒在 00:00:00 UTC 生效，故生效瞬时即该日历日的起点。
     pub const fn effective_mjd(self) -> f64 {
         mjd_from_ymd(self.year, self.month, self.day)
     }
@@ -34,6 +51,11 @@ impl LeapSecond {
 /// Source: IERS Bulletin C. The first entry is 1972-01-01, when the
 /// current scheme began with an initial offset of 10 s inherited from
 /// earlier adjustments.
+///
+/// 闰秒表，按生效日期排序。
+///
+/// 出处：IERS Bulletin C。首条为 1972-01-01，即现行方案开始之时，其初始偏移
+/// 10 s 承自更早的调整。
 pub const LEAP_SECONDS: &[LeapSecond] = &[
     LeapSecond {
         year: 1972,
@@ -209,6 +231,10 @@ pub const LEAP_SECONDS: &[LeapSecond] = &[
 ///
 /// Queries earlier than this instant are rejected because UTC did not yet
 /// use integer second offsets.
+///
+/// 表中首条的修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date），1972-01-01。
+///
+/// 早于该瞬时的查询会被拒绝，因为那时的 UTC 尚未采用整数秒偏移。
 pub const TABLE_COVERS_FROM_MJD: f64 = mjd_from_ymd(
     LEAP_SECONDS[0].year,
     LEAP_SECONDS[0].month,
@@ -219,6 +245,10 @@ pub const TABLE_COVERS_FROM_MJD: f64 = mjd_from_ymd(
 ///
 /// This is the offset that remains in force until a new leap second is
 /// announced.
+///
+/// 自表中末条起生效的 `TAI - UTC` 值。
+///
+/// 在新的闰秒公布之前，该偏移持续有效。
 pub const TAI_MINUS_UTC_AFTER_LAST_ENTRY: f64 = LEAP_SECONDS[LEAP_SECONDS.len() - 1].tai_minus_utc;
 
 /// Converts a proleptic Gregorian calendar date to a Modified Julian Date.
@@ -230,6 +260,14 @@ pub const TAI_MINUS_UTC_AFTER_LAST_ENTRY: f64 = LEAP_SECONDS[LEAP_SECONDS.len()
 /// The computation is done in `i64` and converted once at the end, so the
 /// result is exact for the range of dates in which a leap second can
 /// plausibly occur.
+///
+/// 把前推格里历日期转换为修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）。
+///
+/// 结果是给定日期 00:00:00 的 MJD。算法采用 Fliegel-Van Flandern 整数换算，
+/// 对格里历定义范围内的每个日期都精确，且无需查表。
+///
+/// 计算在 `i64` 中进行并仅在末尾换算一次，故在闰秒可能发生的日期范围内结果
+/// 精确。
 pub const fn mjd_from_ymd(year: i32, month: u32, day: u32) -> f64 {
     let a = (14 - month as i64) / 12;
     let y = year as i64 + 4800 - a;
@@ -237,5 +275,7 @@ pub const fn mjd_from_ymd(year: i32, month: u32, day: u32) -> f64 {
     let jdn = day as i64 + (153 * m + 2) / 5 + 365 * y + y / 4 - y / 100 + y / 400 - 32045;
     // The Julian Day Number counts days from noon, and MJD 0 is the
     // midnight starting 1858-11-17, whose Julian Day Number is 2 400 001.
+    // 儒略日数从正午起计，而 MJD 0 是始于 1858-11-17 的午夜，其儒略日数为
+    // 2 400 001。
     (jdn - 2_400_001) as f64
 }
diff --git a/crates/physics/apsis-leap/src/time.rs b/crates/physics/apsis-leap/src/time.rs
index 6092e3f..29483d4 100644
--- a/crates/physics/apsis-leap/src/time.rs
+++ b/crates/physics/apsis-leap/src/time.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,16 @@ use crate::table::{
 ///
 /// MJD carries no time scale of its own, so this constant is the same
 /// number whether the instant is read in UTC, TAI, or any other scale.
+///
+/// Unix 历元的修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date），1970-01-01T00:00:00。
+///
+/// MJD 本身不携带时间标度，故无论该瞬时按 UTC、TAI 还是其他标度读取，此常量
+/// 都是同一个数。
 pub const MJD_AT_UNIX_EPOCH: f64 = 40_587.0;
 
 /// The number of seconds in a day.
+///
+/// 一天中的秒数。
 const SECONDS_PER_DAY: f64 = 86_400.0;
 
 /// Returns the value of `TAI - UTC` in seconds at the given UTC Modified
@@ -23,6 +30,14 @@ const SECONDS_PER_DAY: f64 = 86_400.0;
 ///
 /// Returns `None` when the instant precedes 1972-01-01, before which UTC
 /// used fractional offsets and this table does not apply.
+///
+/// 返回给定 UTC 修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）处 `TAI - UTC` 的秒值。
+///
+/// 该偏移是阶跃函数：它在每个闰秒生效日的 00:00:00 UTC 改变，其间保持不变。
+/// 恰在生效日上的查询返回新值。
+///
+/// 当该瞬时早于 1972-01-01 时返回 `None`，因为那之前 UTC 采用小数偏移，本表
+/// 不适用。
 pub fn tai_minus_utc_at_mjd(utc_mjd: f64) -> Option<f64> {
     if !utc_mjd.is_finite() || utc_mjd < TABLE_COVERS_FROM_MJD {
         return None;
@@ -47,6 +62,14 @@ pub fn tai_minus_utc_at_mjd(utc_mjd: f64) -> Option<f64> {
 /// leap second makes some TAI instants correspond to no UTC instant.
 ///
 /// Returns `None` when the instant precedes 1972-01-01.
+///
+/// 把 UTC 修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）转换为对应的 TAI 修正儒略日。
+///
+/// 换算加上该瞬时生效的偏移。由于偏移是在 UTC 侧求值的阶跃函数，正向换算对每个
+/// UTC 瞬时都有定义；反向换算则不然，因为闰秒使某些 TAI 瞬时不对应任何 UTC
+/// 瞬时。
+///
+/// 当该瞬时早于 1972-01-01 时返回 `None`。
 pub fn tai_mjd_from_utc_mjd(utc_mjd: f64) -> Option<f64> {
     let offset = tai_minus_utc_at_mjd(utc_mjd)?;
     Some(utc_mjd + offset / SECONDS_PER_DAY)
@@ -66,6 +89,15 @@ pub fn tai_mjd_from_utc_mjd(utc_mjd: f64) -> Option<f64> {
 /// inserted leap second. Such an instant has no UTC representation, because
 /// the UTC clock labels that interval `23:59:60`, a value that does not
 /// exist on the continuous Modified Julian Date scale.
+///
+/// 把 TAI 修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）转换为对应的 UTC 修正儒略日。
+///
+/// 表中每个候选偏移依次尝试；当所得 UTC 瞬时处生效的偏移与产生它的偏移相同时，
+/// 该候选被接受。对给定输入至多有一个偏移满足该条件，故搜索无歧义。
+///
+/// 两种情形返回 `None`。其一是早于表中起点的瞬时，那里的 UTC 采用小数偏移，本表
+/// 未予描述。其二是严格落在所插入闰秒内部的瞬时，此类瞬时没有 UTC 表示，因为
+/// UTC 时钟把该区间标记为 `23:59:60`，而该值在连续的修正儒略日标度上并不存在。
 pub fn utc_mjd_from_tai_mjd(tai_mjd: f64) -> Option<f64> {
     if !tai_mjd.is_finite() {
         return None;
@@ -87,6 +119,11 @@ pub fn utc_mjd_from_tai_mjd(tai_mjd: f64) -> Option<f64> {
 /// the leap second table entries. It is provided so that callers do not
 /// have to reproduce the conversion, and because the calibration scripts in
 /// `validation/` need the same function on both sides of a comparison.
+///
+/// 把前推格里历日期在 00:00:00 的瞬时转换为修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）。
+///
+/// 这是用于定位闰秒表条目的日历换算之便捷再导出。提供它是为了免去调用方重复
+/// 实现该换算，也因为 `validation/` 中的标定脚本在比较的两侧都需要同一函数。
 pub const fn calendar_mjd(year: i32, month: u32, day: u32) -> f64 {
     mjd_from_ymd(year, month, day)
 }
diff --git a/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/calendar.rs b/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/calendar.rs
index d4cc4e1..c99fc7a 100644
--- a/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/calendar.rs
+++ b/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/calendar.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 use core::fmt;
 
 /// The number of seconds in a day, not counting leap seconds.
+///
+/// 一天中的秒数，不计闰秒。
 pub const SECONDS_PER_DAY: f64 = 86_400.0;
 
 /// A calendar date and time of day.
@@ -31,24 +33,46 @@ pub const SECONDS_PER_DAY: f64 = 86_400.0;
 /// otherwise occupy. This crate therefore treats leap seconds only where
 /// they are unambiguous, in the `TAI - UTC` offset lookup, and not as
 /// calendar instants.
+///
+/// 日历日期与日内时刻。
+///
+/// 各字段为前推格里历的字段。`second` 是位于 `[0, 60)` 的浮点数。
+///
+/// 秒数不会达到 60。闰秒在 UTC 中写作第 60 秒，但该标记在连续时间标度上并没有
+/// 唯一位置：它占据的区间正是随后午夜本应占据的区间。因此本 crate 只在无歧义的
+/// 位置处理闰秒，即 `TAI - UTC` 偏移查表中，而不把它当作日历瞬时。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Calendar {
     /// Year, negative for years before year 1.
+    ///
+    /// 年，公元 1 年之前为负。
     pub year: i32,
     /// Month in `1..=12`.
+    ///
+    /// 月，取值 `1..=12`。
     pub month: u32,
     /// Day of month in `1..=31`.
+    ///
+    /// 日，取值 `1..=31`。
     pub day: u32,
     /// Hour in `0..=23`.
+    ///
+    /// 时，取值 `0..=23`。
     pub hour: u32,
     /// Minute in `0..=59`.
+    ///
+    /// 分，取值 `0..=59`。
     pub minute: u32,
     /// Second in `[0, 61)`.
+    ///
+    /// 秒，取值 `[0, 61)`。
     pub second: f64,
 }
 
 impl Calendar {
     /// Creates a calendar date from its fields.
+    ///
+    /// 由各字段创建日历日期。
     pub const fn new(year: i32, month: u32, day: u32, hour: u32, minute: u32, second: f64) -> Self {
         Self {
             year,
@@ -61,17 +85,23 @@ impl Calendar {
     }
 
     /// Creates a calendar date at the start of the given day.
+    ///
+    /// 在给定日期的起点创建日历日期。
     pub const fn from_ymd(year: i32, month: u32, day: u32) -> Self {
         Self::new(year, month, day, 0, 0, 0.0)
     }
 
     /// Returns the seconds elapsed since the start of the day.
+    ///
+    /// 返回自该日起点已过去的秒数。
     pub fn seconds_of_day(self) -> f64 {
         f64::from(self.hour) * 3_600.0 + f64::from(self.minute) * 60.0 + self.second
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` when the fields form a date that exists in the
     /// proleptic Gregorian calendar.
+    ///
+    /// 当各字段构成前推格里历中存在的日期时返回 `true`。
     pub fn is_valid(self) -> bool {
         (1..=12).contains(&self.month)
             && self.day >= 1
@@ -95,6 +125,8 @@ impl fmt::Display for Calendar {
 
 /// Returns `true` when `year` is a leap year in the proleptic Gregorian
 /// calendar.
+///
+/// 当 `year` 是前推格里历中的闰年时返回 `true`。
 pub const fn is_leap_year(year: i32) -> bool {
     (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || year % 400 == 0
 }
@@ -102,6 +134,10 @@ pub const fn is_leap_year(year: i32) -> bool {
 /// Returns the number of days in the given month of the given year.
 ///
 /// Returns zero when `month` is outside `1..=12`.
+///
+/// 返回给定年给定月的天数。
+///
+/// `month` 超出 `1..=12` 时返回零。
 pub const fn days_in_month(year: i32, month: u32) -> u32 {
     match month {
         1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 => 31,
@@ -123,10 +159,17 @@ pub const fn days_in_month(year: i32, month: u32) -> u32 {
 /// The result is the MJD of the start of the given day, so it is an
 /// integer. The time of day is ignored; use [`Calendar::seconds_of_day`] to
 /// account for it.
+///
+/// 把日历日期（忽略日内时刻）转换为修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）。
+///
+/// 结果是该日起点的 MJD，故为整数。日内时刻被忽略；若需计入，请用
+/// [`Calendar::seconds_of_day`]。
 pub const fn mjd_from_ymd(year: i32, month: u32, day: u32) -> f64 {
     // Shift the year so that March is the first month, which places the
     // leap day at the end of the shifted year and removes a special case
     // from the day count.
+    // 平移年份使三月成为首月，从而把闰日置于平移后年份的末尾，免去天数统计中
+    // 的特例。
     let a = (14 - month as i64) / 12;
     let y = year as i64 + 4800 - a;
     let m = month as i64 + 12 * a - 3;
@@ -138,6 +181,10 @@ pub const fn mjd_from_ymd(year: i32, month: u32, day: u32) -> f64 {
 ///
 /// The fractional part is ignored, so the result is the calendar day
 /// containing the instant.
+///
+/// 把修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）转换为日历日期。
+///
+/// 小数部分被忽略，故结果是包含该瞬时的日历日。
 pub fn ymd_from_mjd(mjd: f64) -> (i32, u32, u32) {
     let jdn = mjd.floor() as i64 + 2_400_001;
     let a = jdn + 32_044;
@@ -155,6 +202,10 @@ pub fn ymd_from_mjd(mjd: f64) -> (i32, u32, u32) {
 /// Keeps only the fractional part of an MJD as seconds since midnight.
 ///
 /// The result lies in `[0, 86400)` for any finite input.
+///
+/// 只保留 MJD 的小数部分，表示为自午夜起的秒数。
+///
+/// 对任何有限输入，结果都位于 `[0, 86400)`。
 pub fn seconds_of_day_from_mjd(mjd: f64) -> f64 {
     let fraction = mjd - mjd.floor();
     fraction * SECONDS_PER_DAY
diff --git a/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/epoch.rs b/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/epoch.rs
index 73410be..9e95f5d 100644
--- a/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/epoch.rs
+++ b/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/epoch.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ use core::fmt;
 ///
 /// The field is private so that the stored scale is guaranteed. Use
 /// [`Epoch::from_mjd`] or the named constructors to build one.
+///
+/// TAI 时间尺度上的一个瞬时，以修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）存储。
+///
+/// 字段私有以保证所存标度确定。用 [`Epoch::from_mjd`] 或具名构造函数创建。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
 pub struct Epoch {
     tai_mjd: f64,
@@ -30,14 +34,22 @@ impl Epoch {
     /// The instant 2000-01-01T12:00:00 TT, which defines the J2000.0 epoch.
     ///
     /// The value is `2451545.0` on the TT scale, offset back to TAI.
+    ///
+    /// 瞬时 2000-01-01T12:00:00 TT，定义了 J2000.0 历元。
+    ///
+    /// 该值在 TT 标度上为 `2451545.0`，并回退到 TAI。
     pub const J2000: Self = Self::from_tai_mjd_const(51_544.5 - TT_MINUS_TAI / SECONDS_PER_DAY);
 
     /// Creates an epoch from a Modified Julian Date on the TAI scale.
+    ///
+    /// 由 TAI 标度上的修正儒略日创建历元。
     pub const fn from_tai_mjd(tai_mjd: f64) -> Self {
         Self { tai_mjd }
     }
 
     /// Const constructor used by the associated constants.
+    ///
+    /// 供各关联常量使用的 const 构造函数。
     const fn from_tai_mjd_const(tai_mjd: f64) -> Self {
         Self { tai_mjd }
     }
@@ -47,6 +59,11 @@ impl Epoch {
     /// Returns `None` when the instant cannot be expressed on the requested
     /// scale. This happens for UTC before 1972, where the leap second table
     /// used to convert from UTC does not apply.
+    ///
+    /// 由给定标度上的修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）创建历元。
+    ///
+    /// 当该瞬时无法在所请求的标度上表达时返回 `None`。这发生在 1972 年之前的
+    /// UTC，因为用于从 UTC 换算的闰秒表不适用。
     pub fn from_mjd(mjd: f64, scale: TimeScale) -> Option<Self> {
         if !mjd.is_finite() {
             return None;
@@ -68,6 +85,10 @@ impl Epoch {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` when the fields do not form a valid date, or when the
     /// instant cannot be expressed on the requested scale.
+    ///
+    /// 由日历日期创建历元，并按给定标度解释该日期。
+    ///
+    /// 当各字段不构成有效日期，或该瞬时无法在所请求的标度上表达时返回 `None`。
     pub fn from_calendar(calendar: Calendar, scale: TimeScale) -> Option<Self> {
         if !calendar.is_valid() {
             return None;
@@ -78,6 +99,8 @@ impl Epoch {
     }
 
     /// Returns the instant as a Modified Julian Date on the TAI scale.
+    ///
+    /// 返回该瞬时在 TAI 标度上的修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）。
     pub const fn tai_mjd(self) -> f64 {
         self.tai_mjd
     }
@@ -86,6 +109,11 @@ impl Epoch {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` when the instant precedes 1972 and the UTC scale is
     /// requested, because the leap second table does not cover that range.
+    ///
+    /// 返回该瞬时在给定标度上的修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）。
+    ///
+    /// 当该瞬时早于 1972 年且请求 UTC 标度时返回 `None`，因为闰秒表不覆盖该
+    /// 区间。
     pub fn mjd(self, scale: TimeScale) -> Option<f64> {
         match scale {
             TimeScale::Tai => Some(self.tai_mjd),
@@ -99,6 +127,10 @@ impl Epoch {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` when the scale conversion is not available for this
     /// instant; see [`Epoch::mjd`].
+    ///
+    /// 返回该瞬时在给定标度上的日历日期。
+    ///
+    /// 当该瞬时不可进行标度换算时返回 `None`；参见 [`Epoch::mjd`]。
     pub fn calendar(self, scale: TimeScale) -> Option<Calendar> {
         let mjd = self.mjd(scale)?;
         let (year, month, day) = ymd_from_mjd(mjd);
@@ -121,6 +153,11 @@ impl Epoch {
     /// The result is positive when `other` is later. Because both epochs
     /// are stored on the uniform TAI scale, the difference is exact and
     /// does not depend on the scales used to create either epoch.
+    ///
+    /// 返回从 `self` 到 `other` 的带符号秒数。
+    ///
+    /// 当 `other` 更晚时结果为正。由于两个历元都存于均匀的 TAI 标度，差值
+    /// 精确，且与创建二者时所用的标度无关。
     pub fn seconds_until(self, other: Self) -> f64 {
         (other.tai_mjd - self.tai_mjd) * SECONDS_PER_DAY
     }
@@ -134,6 +171,13 @@ impl Epoch {
     /// does not have a single well defined numeric value across such an
     /// instant. Callers that need calendar arithmetic on the UTC scale
     /// should convert to a [`Calendar`], adjust it, and convert back.
+    ///
+    /// 返回平移 `seconds` 后的历元。
+    ///
+    /// 平移量以均匀 TAI 标度上的 SI 秒计，故瞬时恰好前进相同的流逝时间。这是
+    /// 唯一提供的平移方式：若按 UTC 时钟平移，当区间跨越插入的闰秒时结果会
+    /// 不同，而 UTC 时钟在该瞬时前后没有单一良定义的数值。需要按 UTC 标度做
+    /// 日历运算的调用方，应先转为 [`Calendar`]、调整后再转回。
     pub fn add_seconds(self, seconds: f64) -> Self {
         Self {
             tai_mjd: self.tai_mjd + seconds / SECONDS_PER_DAY,
@@ -141,6 +185,8 @@ impl Epoch {
     }
 
     /// Returns `true` when the stored Modified Julian Date is finite.
+    ///
+    /// 当所存修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）有限时返回 `true`。
     pub const fn is_finite(self) -> bool {
         self.tai_mjd.is_finite()
     }
diff --git a/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/julian.rs b/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/julian.rs
index 8514d20..2a81884 100644
--- a/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/julian.rs
+++ b/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/julian.rs
@@ -11,14 +11,20 @@
 
 /// The number of days between the start of the Julian Date scale and the
 /// start of the Modified Julian Date scale.
+///
+/// 儒略日标度起点与修正儒略日标度起点之间的天数。
 pub const JULIAN_DATE_OFFSET: f64 = 2_400_000.5;
 
 /// Converts a Julian Date to a Modified Julian Date.
+///
+/// 把儒略日（Julian Date）转换为修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）。
 pub const fn mjd_from_julian_date(julian_date: f64) -> f64 {
     julian_date - JULIAN_DATE_OFFSET
 }
 
 /// Converts a Modified Julian Date to a Julian Date.
+///
+/// 把修正儒略日（Modified Julian Date）转换为儒略日（Julian Date）。
 pub const fn julian_date_from_mjd(mjd: f64) -> f64 {
     mjd + JULIAN_DATE_OFFSET
 }
diff --git a/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/scale.rs b/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/scale.rs
index 0688fde..a5ef0e7 100644
--- a/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/scale.rs
+++ b/crates/physics/apsis-time/src/scale.rs
@@ -20,11 +20,19 @@ use core::fmt;
 /// Terrestrial Time minus International Atomic Time, in seconds.
 ///
 /// Exact by the definition of Terrestrial Time.
+///
+/// 地球时（TT）减国际原子时（TAI），单位为秒。
+///
+/// 由地球时的定义精确确定。
 pub const TT_MINUS_TAI: f64 = 32.184;
 
 /// International Atomic Time minus GPS time, in seconds.
 ///
 /// Exact by the definition of GPS time.
+///
+/// 国际原子时（TAI）减 GPS 时，单位为秒。
+///
+/// 由 GPS 时的定义精确确定。
 pub const TAI_MINUS_GPS: f64 = 19.0;
 
 /// A time scale.
@@ -32,15 +40,28 @@ pub const TAI_MINUS_GPS: f64 = 19.0;
 /// The scale determines how a numeric instant is interpreted. It does not
 /// change the instant itself; converting an [`Epoch`](crate::Epoch) between
 /// scales only changes the number used to display it.
+///
+/// 时间尺度。
+///
+/// 标度决定一个数值瞬时如何被解释，但并不改变瞬时本身；把
+/// [`Epoch`](crate::Epoch) 在标度之间换算，只改变用于显示它的数值。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub enum TimeScale {
     /// Coordinated Universal Time, adjusted by leap seconds.
+    ///
+    /// 世界协调时，由闰秒调整。
     Utc,
     /// International Atomic Time, a uniform scale.
+    ///
+    /// 国际原子时，均匀标度。
     Tai,
     /// Terrestrial Time, a uniform scale defined for geocentric work.
+    ///
+    /// 地球时，为地心工作定义的均匀标度。
     Tt,
     /// GPS time, a uniform scale maintained by the GPS constellation.
+    ///
+    /// GPS 时，由 GPS 星座维持的均匀标度。
     Gps,
 }
 
@@ -49,11 +70,17 @@ impl TimeScale {
     ///
     /// UTC is the only scale here that is not uniform, because leap seconds
     /// make some of its minutes 61 seconds long.
+    ///
+    /// 当该标度以均匀速率运行时返回 `true`。
+    ///
+    /// 此处只有 UTC 不是均匀的，因为闰秒使其部分分钟长达 61 秒。
     pub const fn is_uniform(self) -> bool {
         !matches!(self, Self::Utc)
     }
 
     /// Returns the short name of the scale, such as `TAI` or `UTC`.
+    ///
+    /// 返回该标度的简称，例如 `TAI` 或 `UTC`。
     pub const fn name(self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
             Self::Utc => "UTC",